Many women face abnormal or unexpected spotting between the periods or regular menstrual cycles. This spotting or heavy bleeding is termed as vaginal bleeding. Vaginal bleeding is described as a bleeding over and apart from normal menstruation. This bleeding may include spotting which is visible or noticed as blood spots on a tissue paper after using washroom, or heavy periods where tampons need to be used. Menstrual cycle or vaginal bleeding occurs every month with an average cycle of 21 to 35 days. It is due to the uterus shedding its lining marking at the beginning of a reproductive cycle. The normal periods last for just a few days, and the flow can vary from person to person.

Varicose veins, also known as Varicosities or Varicoses, happens when any vein (generally in the leg) abnormally swells up. The main cause of Varicose Veins is high blood pressure in the veins which weakens the veins and leads to the collection of blood in the veins.

Ventricular septal defect refers to that hole in the wall (also known as septum) that separates the ventricles of the heart. This congenital disorder can also cause pulmonary hypertension. If the defect is of a minor form, it will not need any treatment but if it is major, surgery and medical management might be needed to correct the defect. This condition is a defect of the heart that is there from the time of birth, where the hole in the wall, namely septum comes to separate the two bottom chambers of the heart, also known as the ventricular septum. The cause of the defect among many children still remain unknown. When the fetus begins to grow, a barrier develops to part the two ventricles. A hole remains there if the wall does not develop properly. This defect is among one of the most recurrent congenital defects of the heart happening to 0.1 to 0.4 % of total live births and making up only about 20-30% lesions of the heart.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a rare disease, which is characterized by irregular bouts of fever, substantial weight loss, swelling of the spleen and liver, and anaemia (which may be serious). It is commonly known as kala-azar. It usually occurs a month or two after being bitten by a sand fly. Almost 500,000 new cases occur each year around the world. The clinical forms of this disease can be treated with the pentavalent antimonial compounds.

The voice box tumours or laryngeal cancer is the cancer of the voice box located in the throat. Voice Box, also called larynx is located just above the point where the throat divides into two, trachea (windpipe), Esophagus (food pipe). The Larynx has two vocal cords which are the muscle bands. The front cartilage or muscle band is called the Adam’s apple. It can be felt by our hands in the throat as a lump. The Larynx has three main parts, supraglottis – area above vocal cords, glottis – area containing vocal cords, subglottis – area just below the vocal cords. Voice box cancers are squamous, and they start in the thin flat cell lining of the larynx. The major reason of voice box tumour is smoking. Along with heavy alcohol consumption, smoking causes a great increase in the risk of voice box cancer.