Cancer is a stage when carcinoma cells begin to grow in an uncontrolled manner. They form a mass that is called as tumor. The most dangerous property of a cancerous cell is that it grows and spreads to other body parts. Head and neck cancer is no different from it. Head and neck cancer is a state when different malignant tumors are developed around: Throat, Neck, Sinus, Mouth, Larynx Most of the cancerous cells found in these areas are squamous. At first the formation of these head and neck cancer cells is flat. Squamous cell produces a thin layer of tissues on the surface of the affected area, i.e. neck, mouth, neck etc. Types of head and neck cancer - Basically head and neck cancer can be divided into 5 major types based upon the body parts where they develop. Laryngeal and Hypopharyngeal Cancer: The larynx is also known as our voice box. It is a tube-shaped organ that is located at the top of wind pipe, also known as trachea in our neck which plays a vital role in breathing, talking and important feathers like swallowing. Gullet is the second name given to hypopharynx that surrounds our lower part of the throat Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer: This includes major growth of cancer cells in the area in the space behind our nose from where the air passes in our nasal cavity to the throat. These air filled area called paranasal sinuses. Nasopharyngeal Cancer: It is cancer of an organ called nasopharynx. It is the air passageway that is situated in the upper part of our throat behind the nose. Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer: The oral cavities affect our mouth and tongue the most. This type of cancer includes growth of cancerous cells in the middle of the throat from the tonsils and affects till the top of voice box. Salivary Gland Cancer: As obvious from the name, this cancer affects our salivary glands the most. These glands help us to produce saliva. It is released in our mouth to keep it moist that helps us in breaking the food down. It is the most important organ that helps in food swallowing with the help of enzymes released through our salivary gland.

Also known as atrioventricular block, heart block is a condition where the heart beats too slowly. It occurs within the heart’s electrical system where the signals that command the heart to contract are partly or completed blocked between the upper and lower chambers. There are three types of heart block: First-degree heart block Second-degree heart block or Wenckabach block Third degree heart block or Complete block

The basic function of the heart is to pump the blood which is then circulated to the entire body. Heart failure occurs when the heart fails to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs. Today, heart failure has become a common ailment across the globe and is the root cause of many heart-related diseases.

Four valves in your heart control the direction of blood flow to and from your heart. Their function is to open and close during each heartbeat. In a condition called stenosis, a valve is unable to open correctly and in another condition called regurgitation, the valve is incapable of closing properly. The four valves in your heart are aortic valve, mitral valve, pulmonary valve and tricuspid valve. Any of these valves could develop an anomaly in its functioning, thereby causing a heart valve disease.

Heel pain usually occurs in the lower or back portion of a person’s heel. It is a commonly observed condition and is rarely a symptom of a serious disease. However, heel pain can interfere with a person’s daily routine including activities like walking and exercising. The pain might get worse with time if not treated properly.

Hemifacial spasm causes involuntary painless twitching on one side of the face due to malfunctioning of the seventh cranial nerve, also known as the facial nerve. It causes the muscles on one side of the face to contract. In its mildest form, the condition may cause no more harm other than slight inconvenience. However, in severe cases, the contractions may interfere with vision. In hemifacial spasm, muscles on one side of the face twitch involuntarily, beginning with the eyelid and then spreading to the cheek and mouth. Twitching may be irregular at first but may become frequent afterwards. The spasms may be caused by an abnormally positioned loop of an artery that compresses the facial cranial nerve where it exits the brainstem. Medical experts have suggested that the condition is caused by disturbances within the facial nerve. The disease has two forms - typical and atypical hemifacial spasm. In typical hemifacial spasm, twitching starts in the lower eyelid. It spreads to the whole lid, and then to the orbicularis oris muscle around the lips. The reverse occurs in a typical hemifacial spasm in which twitching starts in the orbicularis oris muscle around the lips, and progresses up to the orbicularis oculi muscle present in the eyelid.

Hepatitis B is a liver disorder caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is an infection that may eventually lead to liver failure, liver cancer or cirrhosis. The disease can be prevented using a vaccine which also prevents the infection from spreading.

Hepatitis is caused by a virus named Hepatitis C virus (HCV). The virus infects the liver, which results in inflammation of the liver. The virus is highly dangerous for the human body, and once it has entered, it becomes difficult for the immune system to discard it from the body, and as a result, the infection becomes chronic. The infection caused by HCV is the main root of terminal liver disease, and this liver disease requires a liver transplant. The terminal liver disease is also a major risk factor for liver cancer.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is a condition that commonly arises in patients who are diagnosed with chronic liver diseases such as acute liver failure. Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common kind of primary liver cancer. Primary cancers like Hepatocellular carcinoma originate from the patient’s liver itself.

Hernia is a localized bulge in the abdomen that occurs when there is a weakness in the muscular wall. It is commonly found in the upper part of the stomach, bellybutton, and surgical scar. It is when fatty tissues or an organ protrudes and surrounds connective tissues or muscles, called fascia. This disease is common in overweight or aged people, who are inactive after abdominal surgery. Hernia is not always life-threatening, but it needs proper treatment because it does not go away on its own. It requires proper surgery to minimise complications.

A hip fracture may be defined as a breakage of the upper quarter of the bone in the thigh. The forces involved contribute to the extent and severity of the damage. If you have a hip fracture, it is a severe injury that requires immediate medical attention. Elderly people are at increased risk of hip fracture, because of osteoporosis or weakening of bones. There are three types of hip fracture namely femoral, intertrochanteric and atypical. Femoral hip fracture occurs in the upper part of the femur, right below the femoral head and ball-socket joint. Intertrochanteric fracture occurs a little below the hip joint, but on the upper portion the femur that protrudes. Whereas atypical fracture is rare and occurs in people who have undergone treatments using bisphosphonates for extended periods of time Usually, a hip fracture needs surgical repair and correction and could take months to cure completely. It is therefore essential to maintain the density of the bone and avoid falls.

Most of us have two kidneys that are located on either side of the spine. The formation of these kidneys happens inside the womb of a mother. During the formation of a baby in the uterus, the kidneys are first formed in the abdominal area and they gradually drift upwards to reach the final position on either side of the spine, as the baby grows in the womb. But in some cases, this process might become defective, leading instead to the formation of a single fused kidney in the shape of a horseshoe. This condition is called horseshoe kidney disease. The phenomenon is relatively rare, that affects 0.2 percent of children globally and is more seen in male children than in female children. To understand how the defect affects you, it is imperative to know the function of kidneys. Kidneys, two ureters, a bladder and a urethra together comprise of an excretory system in human anatomy. The job of your kidneys is to filter out waste from the blood supplied to it and to excrete it from the body. Every day, your kidneys process around 140 liters of blood, to produce around a liter of urine! The waste that gets collected in the kidneys drops down to the bladder through the ureters and is flushed out through the urethra. In short, the function of the kidneys is to remove wastes in the form of urine, balance the levels of fluids, regulate blood pressure, control the count of red blood corpuscles, balance the levels of electrolytes of Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium and other acids.

Huntington’s disease is a disorder that is inherited and results in the wasting away or degeneration of nerve cells in certain parts of the brain. It is typically inherited from a person’s parents. A general lack of coordination becomes part of your everyday behaviour. As the disease begins to escalate, uncoordinated, jerky body movements become more apparent. Physical symptoms of this disease can begin at any age, starting from infancy to old age. A parent with a defective Huntingtin gene could pass along the defective copy of the gene or the healthy copy. Therefore, each child in the family has a 50 per cent chance of inheriting the gene that causes this disorder. The defect causes a part of DNA to occur many more times than it is supposed to. Normally, the section of DNA is repeated 10 to 28 times. But in people with Huntington disease, it is repeated 36 to 120 times. The larger the number of times repeated, the higher a person’s chance is, of developing symptoms at an early stage.

In Greek words, ‘Hydro’ means water and ‘cephalus’ means head. Combining these two words, hydrocephalus means water in the brain. Patients suffering from this disease have collected form of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) in the cavities or ventricles of the human brain. This may result in high intracranial pressure in the skull, and it ultimately leads to an enlarged head, convulsion, and sometimes, mental disability. The disorder usually occurs because of blockage of CSF outflow in the ventricles or in the subarachnoid space over the brain. In a healthy human being, the fluid CSF continuously circulates throughout the brain, the ventricles, and the spinal cord. After the circulation, it is drained away into the circulatory system.

Swelling or inflammation in one or both the kidneys is known as hydronephrosis. Kidneys are the bean shaped organs located in the abdomen. Their function is to filter out waste products from the blood and produce urine. Each kidney is made up of two parts: one parts performs the function of filtering the blood and removing excess salt and water present. The other part collects the urine. When a person has hydronephrosis, too much urine is collected in that part of the kidney which performs the function of collecting urine. The excess urine results in swelling of that part and makes it larger than the usual.

High Blood Pressure is commonly known as Hypertension. It is the pressure exerted by blood against the walls of the blood vessels. In this condition, the blood pressure is higher than 140 over 90mmHg.

Hyperthyroidism is a thyroid disorder in which a person’s thyroid gland becomes overactive and produces more hormones than normal. The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland present in the lower neck and is responsible for producing the hormones- triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones play an important role in controlling the body’s metabolism. In Hyperthyroidism, the thyroid gland becomes enlarged. This increases the body’s metabolism and results in sudden weight loss, fast or irregular heartbeat, and anxiety.

Hypoglycemia is a condition characterized by an abnormally low level of blood sugar (glucose), your body's main energy source. Hypoglycemia is commonly associated with the treatment of diabetes. However, a variety of conditions, many of them rare, can cause low blood sugar in people without diabetes. Like fever, hypoglycemia isn't a disease itself — it's an indicator of a health problem.

Hypogonadism is a gonadal disorder in which the body produces insufficient amounts of testosterone. Testosterone is a hormone that plays an important role in the growth and development of the male body during puberty. Hypogonadism may also affect sperm production. The disease may develop during fetal development, before puberty or during adulthood.

Hyponatremia is a condition which occurs when the amount of sodium in a person’s blood becomes lower than normal. Sodium is an electrolyte which helps in regulating the amount of water in and around the cells. In Hyponatremia, the sodium in the body becomes diluted and the body's water level increases. This leads to swelling in the patient’s cells which can cause a number of dangerous health problems.

Hypopituitarism is a rare pituitary gland disorder in which the pituitary gland is unable to produce its hormones in sufficient quantities. The pituitary gland is a small, pea-sized gland situated below the brain, just behind the bridge of the nose. It is responsible for secreting hormones that control the functioning of several other hormone glands in the body like the thyroid gland, the adrenal glands, the ovaries and the testicles. In hypopituitarism, the reduced amount of pituitary hormones disturbs the body's normal functions, such as growth, blood pressure and reproduction.

Hypotension is low blood pressure, especially in the arteries of the systemic circulation. Normal blood pressure of the human body is 90/60 in adults. Hypotension triggers if your blood pressure is less than 120/90 on a regular basis. Hypotension fills the arteries with blood.

Hypothyroidism is a type of thyroid disorder which is caused when the thyroid gland becomes less active and produces fewer hormones than normal. The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland present in the lower neck and is responsible for producing the hormones- triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones play an important role in controlling the body’s metabolism. Hypothyroidism disturbs the balance of hormones and chemical reactions that occur in the body.