Eardrum perforation refers to rupturing of the eardrum. Human ear is a sensitive organ formed by two parts: the inner and outer ear separated by a thin layer of eardrum. Eardrum protects the inner part of the ear from bacterial infections and water. Its main function is to convert vibrating sound waves into nerve impulses, which further travel to the human brain and convey sound. Eardrum is popularly known as the tympanic membrane. Eardrum rupture or perforation can occur due to many reasons. The most common being ear infections. When the middle layer of ear is infected, pressure starts building, which then pushes against the eardrum and may cause it to perforate. Eardrum perforation is accompanied by sudden pain and pressure, developed due to middle ear infection.

Ebstein’s disease is referred to as a defect of the heart that is rare and is present from birth. It is a kind of malformation in which some parts of the tricuspid valve are abnormal and do not work properly. Tricuspid valve is the valve that is situated between the two chambers of the heart, the right atrium and right ventricle. As a consequence of the damaged tricuspid valve, there may be some blood leakage from the valve, affecting the functioning of the heart. The size of the heart may further be enlarged, causing a heart failure. Quite frequently, this malformation may induce the tricuspid valve to forgo blood in a backward position into the right atrium, while the right ventricle squeezes. This backward flow increases the force in the right atrium which leaves the foramen ovale exposed. Such a condition causes deoxygenated blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium, moving directly to the parts of the body. Ebstein’s disease is known as the deformity of the tricuspid valve and is marked by various factors such as the rearrangement of the functional annulus in a downward position, extension of the atrialised part of the right ventricle with some degree of thinning of the wall, dismissal of the frontal leaflet, and expansion of atrioventricular junction.

It refers to any untreated congenital heart defect or cardiac defect that leads to pulmonary hypertension. It occurs in certain people with heart malformations. The condition is generally identified by growing blood pressure in the pulmonary artery which links the heart to the lungs. The increasing blood pressure is the indicator of inadequate blood flow within the heart. It is a consequence of the blood circulation that is not normal and is caused by heart defect. People with this malady are born with a hole between the left and right ventricles of the heart. That hole shall pave way for the blood to pick up oxygen from the lungs to pass back into the lungs, rather than going out to other parts of the body.

Elbow arthritis occurs when the cartilage surface of the elbow becomes worn out or gets damaged. This could be a result of an elbow dislocation or fracture or degeneration of cartilages in the elbow due to age factor. Usually, osteoarthritis happens in those joints that bear the weight of our body parts, such as the hip and the knee. Because the elbow has well matched joint surfaces and strong stable ligaments, your elbow can withstand large forces that act on it, and still be stable. Therefore, the possibility of elbow arthritis is quite rare.

End stage kidney failure is a condition that occurs when chronic kidney disease reaches its final stage. Chronic kidney disease disturbs the kidney function while in the end stage kidney failure, the kidneys stop working completely i.e. they are unable to filter the fluid wastes. This leads to the accumulation of large amount of wastes in the patient’s body which is dangerous for health.

Endometriosis is a condition that affects a woman’s reproductive system. It occurs when the cells present in the uterus start growing outside. It is usually found on or surrounds the abdominal and pelvic organs (includes the ovary). The uterus lining is known as the endometrial. When the endometrium grows in the ovaries, bowel, and renal pelvis, it results in endometriosis. Endometriosis is a gynaecological condition. The hormonal changes affect and misplace the endometrial tissue. The tissue grows, thickens, and breaks down, and embeds itself in the pelvis. According to a survey, 10% of the worldwide population of women aged 15 to 49 suffers from endometriosis. Infertility plague 30% to 40%, and 90% deal with pelvic pain.

Epilepsy, more commonly known as seizure disorder is a neurological disorder, affecting people of all age groups. Main symptoms of epilepsy include recurrent and unprovoked attacks of seizures. If not diagnosed and treated in time, Epilepsy can lead to serious complications. The source of epilepsy is the electrical circuits in the brain. Abnormal electrical events in the brain can cause seizures of different kinds. Epilepsy can occur due to multiple reasons including complications during birth of the baby, brain injury, stroke, brain tumours, brain infections, and abnormal development of brain can be the main cause for epilepsy, although the exact reason may remain unknown in many of the cases. Epilepsy can sometimes be related to genetic factors as well. Epilepsy symptoms can vary according to type of seizures. A focal seizure may originate from a specific part of the brain and will manifest accordingly. A big seizure or generalised seizure is the most common type of recognised seizures. However various other types include transient confusional state, state of starring look with unresponsiveness, some abnormal movements like chewing type, swallowing, rubbing hands or speaking abnormally for a very brief period. Some of the seizures may have just up rolling of eyes with head and eyes going to one side and may have twisting of either arms or hands. Untreated seizures can have serious results and cause harm especially related to fall and injuries to various body parts. The common understanding and public perception regarding epilepsy is often a greater challenge than the seizures itself. Lack of awareness in general public, schools and various organizations leads to stigma of epilepsy. A person with epilepsy should be able to disclose about epilepsy in a healthy and comfortable environment including school, colleges and working places.

Esophageal obstruction, also known as ‘steakhouse syndrome’, is a type of medical emergency caused due to the obstruction of esophagus by ingested foreign body like pork, meat, etc. In medical terms, it is a condition which causes narrowing or blocking of the esophagus. The patient thus feels problem in swallowing food. Esophagus is a muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach. In an adult, it is 11-13 inches long, i.e. 28-33 cm long with an internal diameter of 2 cm. The mucosal layer is moist to allow food to pass to the stomach. The major function of the esophagus is to pass liquids or chunks of food (referred as bolus) through the oral cavity to the stomach.

Ewing’s sarcoma is a rare cancerous disease. It is a tumour in the bone or soft tissues. It has three common names - malignant small, round cell, and blue cell tumour. Ewing’s sarcoma occurs in common areas like the pelvis, the femur, the humerus, the ribs, and collarbone. A common genetic locus is responsible for a large percentage of Ewing’s sarcoma, and are grouped together as Ewing family of tumours. These tumours are not normally painful, but can hurt in certain cases. Sarcoma also grows in other parts of the body like in the back of the abdomen. It can cause pain in the stomach, as well as blockage and bleeding. About 20% of this tumour begins in the stomach, about 10% on the outside of the chest, and 10% on the head or neck. Ewing’s sarcoma occurs in teenagers and young adults, with a male/female ratio of 1:6. Most people notice a lump in their legs and arm, which grows in weeks or months.

An extensive wound or trauma is a severe damage to the soft tissues in the skin. It is a medical condition in which the soft tissues of the skin sustain injury or break down. These severe wounds or injuries can occur after accidents, or due to violence. These accidents may occur at home, or typify road accidents. It can be a self-inflicted wound or somebody else causing skin injury to you. There can be deep cuts by a knife, skin abrasions from metal or glass, skin crushing, animal bites, or bullet injury. A large proportion of people surviving their injuries incur temporary or permanent disabilities.

The spinal cord is surrounded by tough fibrous covering called the dura. The spinal cord and dura are located within the vertebral column. Tumours can occur in any of these parts. There are three types of spinal tumour classified according to their location. Intramedullary tumour, which occurs within the substance of the spinal cord itself or generally in the cervical spinal cord. They are considered most uncommon. They are associated with a dilated fluid cavity called syrinx. Extradural tumour, is a type that grows within the supporting network of cells around the spinal cord. They usually originate in the vertebrae. They can be metastatic or can spread from the primary tumour site through the blood to the spinal cord. The third kind is the Intradural-extramedullary tumour, which grows between the spinal cord and the dura. Such tumours can cause spinal cord compression. These kind of tumours are generally rare, and constitute about 4% of all kinds of spinal tumours. These tumours can give various surgical challenges and their aggressive nature makes it difficult to achieve a clean tumour margin, while reducing the condition of being diseased heavily. However, some molecular drugs, might increase rates of survival and improve overall outcomes.

A healthy body is active and possesses a BMI rate of 17.5 to 25 kg/m2 which means that your body mass index is in proportion to your height and weight. BMI rate varies from people to people. BMI rate for a healthy adult male will differ from that of a healthy female. BMI level is different in different age groups. Likewise, for children at different age, it differs as per the growth. When the BMI level crosses 40 or higher, this condition becomes a serious concern and the person is considered to suffer from extreme obesity.

Eye cancer is a generic term used to explain many types of tumour involved in different parts of the eye. It arises with the uncontrollable growth of healthy cells present in and around the eye, resulting in the formation of a mass called a tumour. It can also trouble exterior parts of the eye, such as the conjunctiva or eyelid. The most familiar eye cancer is retinoblastoma. Treatment for eye cancer differs by the type and its severity and includes many therapies and medications.