Immunodeficiency disorder is a medical condition in which your body is unable to fight the external factors like bacteria, viruses, and parasites. It is estimated that immunodeficiency disorder occurs in one among 50,000 adults and in one among 500,000 infants. It happens more in boys than in girls. When the immune system of a body does not function properly, a person is left open to repeated diseases and infections of severe nature. They are either acquired or are infected by an external source. A congenital, or primary immunodeficiency disorder is the one you are born with. Secondary or acquired immunodeficiency disorders mostly happen in the later years of life. Secondary immunodeficiency disorders are more common than primary disorders. Our immune system is a fighting machine that keeps us healthy. Anything that weakens it can lead to a secondary immunodeficiency disorder, resulting in various viruses and bacterial infections.

Commonly known as “school sores,” Impetigo is a contagious bacterial skin infection that happens mainly due to either of the two bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes. Impetigo is the most common skin infection among children. It can occur in adults as well, but remains more prevalent in children. It is a contagious disease and can spread through close contact.

Influenza, commonly known as ‘Flu’, is a viral infection. The flu attacks the lungs, nose, and throat. This flu is an infectious disease which is caused by an influenza virus. This virus spreads through the air from cough and sneezes. This virus can also spread by touching the mouth and then the eyes with the same infectious hands. Washing hands frequently reduces the risk of infection, because the virus is inactivated by soap. Influenza can also affect other animals like pigs, birds, and horses.

Prolapse or painless bleeding of the anal tissue is often associated with internal haemorrhoids. Prolapse is when the hemorrhoidal tissue inside the lower rectum and around the anus, protrude into the anal canal or appear on the outside of the anus, and is felt during wiping or having a bowel movement. Internal hemorrhoidal prolapse is deep inside the rectum, and one cannot see or feel them. Internal hemorrhoidal do not hurt because of the few pain-sensing nerves in that part.

Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a painful bladder syndrome. It is a chronic disorder in which the patient will feel bladder pressure, bladder pain, and pelvic pain. Mostly, women are affected by it and it can have a long lasting impact on the quality of life. The exact cause of IC is still to be found, but it is highly probable that many factors contribute to the spread of this disease. For example, defect in the epithelium (protective lining of the bladder) is also seen in patients suffering from IC. The leak in the protective lining mix toxic substances with urine, which leads to irritation in the bladder wall. It is believed that autoimmune reactions, heredity, infection, and allergy contribute to IC, but it is still to be proved. Associated factors with high risk of IC include females, age of a person (30 years or older), and chronic pain disorder.

Intradural spinal mass lesions or tumours are uncommon compared to intracranial or extradural masses, and affect only a minority of the population, and can be challenging to diagnose. Most tumours in the spine are metastatic which means they spread from another part of the body into the spinal region. Intradural spinal tumours are located in the part of the dura in the spinal cord. Intradural tumours can be classified as intramedullary or extramedullary. Intramedullary tumour is known to be located within the spinal parenchyma, and extramedullary tumour is found within the dura, but outside the spinal parenchyma. Common extramedullary tumours include meningiomas, and schwannomas, while intramedullary tumours include astrocytomas, and intramedullary ependymomas. It is a rare tumour that can be associated with dysraphic defects. The origin of these tumours is traditionally thought to be secondary to primordial germ cells.

It is a common disease that starts by affecting your large intestine (colon). The disorder leads to abdominal pain, discomfort in the body, bloating, gas, diarrhoea, or constipation. Only a small amount of population suffering from the disorder experiences severe signs and symptoms, and might need counselling and medication, while most of the patients can relieve of symptoms with simple changes in their lifestyle. Irritable Bowel Syndrome does not result in any permanent damage to the intestine. It does not lead to any changes in the colon tissues and is neutral towards the chances of colorectal cancer. The precise cause of IBS is still to be found. Intestine walls are lined with muscle layers that regulate the movement of food through the intestinal tract to the rectum, via its relaxation and contraction in a coordinated rhythm. In some people suffering from the disorder, the contractions are stronger. As a result, the food is forced out more quickly which results in gas, bloating, and diarrhoea.